Can You Translate That, Please?

A country's official language is the language used by the government for conducting business and for its official communications and documents. Not every country has an official language, but many do.

Some countries have more than one official language, in recognition of languages spoken by indigenous people or different ethnic groups within the country, or because a particular language is seen as useful for communicating with large numbers of people and with representatives of other nations.

There is no requirement that individuals use the official language for personal conversations. For example, French is the official language of France, but when my husband and I traveled there, we spoke English to each other in public (and sometimes to local people, if they spoke English). Nobody yelled "Parlez Français!" at us, and we didn't get arrested or deported. Our experience was similar in Germany, where the official language is German, and in Italy where it is Italian (although I do speak a little Italian, which seemed to please people).

Some countries have ten or more official languages, and may also try to accommodate many additional languages and dialects used by different groups, as well as whatever it is the tourists are speaking.

• List of official languages by country

 

Who's Listening?

My college friend Eleni had both sets of grandparents who were immigrants from Greece. Both her parents grew up bilingual, speaking mostly Greek at home, and English in the world.

Describing her childhood, Eleni told me how annoyed she was by her parents and all her older relatives, because when she was little, they spoke Greek as a way of keeping secrets from the kids. "It was rude and sneaky," she grumbled. "They treated us like we didn't have the right to know what was happening."

One day I had a conversation with Eleni's mother. Reminiscing about the past and the days when her children were younger, she told me she felt sorry that her kids had never learned to speak Greek. "We tried to encourage them," she said. "We would often speak Greek around them, hoping they would pick it up, or that they would get curious and want to learn it. But they never did."

 

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Some people wonder why trump's followers accept his incoherent, nonsensical speeches. It's because they can't distinguish between intelligent speech and the ravings of a lunatic.

Perhaps you've had the experience of trying to explain something of moderate complexity to a person like that. They tend to just stare dully or else they snap, "Speak English!" because they don't know the words you are using. To them, complex sentences and words of three or more syllables are impossible to understand. So they don't expect to be able to make sense of a leader's speeches.

When trump's speeches veer off into word salad, they can't tell the difference, since, for them, most English discourse is like a secret code. All he has to do is use occasional baby talk, make smug faces, and throw in a few buzzwords -- border, babies, Christian, communists, Democrats, unfair, veterans -- and they think he's on their side. They really can't tell when he is incoherent. And even when he speaks in complete sentences that follow each other, they don't notice how ridiculous his claims are, because they lack critical thinking skills and don't have the broader knowledge needed to evaluate such statements.