Showing posts with label history. Show all posts
Showing posts with label history. Show all posts

Ancient History

Caligula Appointing His Horse Incitatus to the Consulship, unknown author, 1616–1669. Source: The Art Institute of Chicago

The Roman emperor Caligula ruled for only four years before he was assassinated. Caligula was hated by the Roman people, and historians hated him, too. The tales of his madness and misdeeds are likely exaggerated, and sometimes invented, just to show what a monster he was.

In any case, it seems true that he was mentally unbalanced. He declared himself a god. He spent a fortune on his palace and put up statues of himself. He forced the Senate to watch him dance in the middle of the night. He passed laws to keep people from looking at his bald spot. He mocked and insulted people. He was also a sadist. Among other things, he sometimes locked up the food supplies so the population would starve. He really made politicians mad when he announced his plan to appoint his horse to the Senate, making it clear that he thought an unqualified beast could do just as good a job as anyone else.

His unpopularity reached its peak, and officers of his own Praetorian Guards conspired to kill him. Led by a man Caligula had mocked for having a squeaky voice, they stabbed him to death and then declared his uncle Claudius the new emperor. That's how they did impeachment in 41 A.D.

To this day, Caligula is remembered as a cruel, narcissistic, depraved tyrant. Unqualified political appointees are sometimes compared to Caligula's horse.

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WASPs

Recently, an "executive order" from the head of the Republican administration removed information about the Women Airforce Service Pilots from Air Force training courses.

Here are links to some web pages and articles that describe this part of American history.

UPDATE:


Following a widespread public outcry, the Air Force announced it would reinstate videos about the Tuskegee Airmen and the WASPs to the basic training curriculum.

 

Tuskegee Airmen

Recently, an "executive order" from the head of the Republican administration removed information about the Tuskegee Airmen from Air Force training courses.

Here are links to some web pages and articles that describe this part of American history.

Wikipedia
Tuskegee University
Tuskegee Airmen Inc.
Air Force Historical Support Division
Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site


 

Retired Presidents

Equestrian Portrait of George Washington (1829), Rembrandt Peale.

Most people seem to see Jimmy Carter's post-presidential accomplishments as more impressive than anything he did while in the White House. Whether or not that's accurate, it makes sense. Carter had only four years as President, and 43 afterward. As a private citizen, he could follow his heart, working for human rights and humanitarian causes in ways not usually available to office holders.

Thinking about this, I began to wonder, what did other presidents do after leaving office? What follows is a very brief summary. Note that this does not take into account how long each man lived after leaving the presidency, nor does it include health problems and other constraints.

George Washington: He retired to his plantation, Mount Venon. To supplement his income, he set up a whiskey distillery. He also bought and sold real estate.

John Adams: He managed his farm, corresponded with old friends and colleagues, wrote a series of letters published in the newspaper.

Thomas Jefferson: Founded the University of Virgina, maintained correspondence with political leaders, wrote his autobiography.

James Madison: Retired to his plantation at Montpelier, helped Jefferson found the University of Virginia, was a representative to the 1829 Virginia Constitutional Convention, spent time editing and revising (including falsifying) his old letters and documents.

James Monroe: Spent time reading, wrote a book on political theory, started but did not complete his autobiography, struggled with financial problems, served on the Board of Visitors for the University of Virginia, was a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830.

John Quincy Adams: Ran for re-election and lost, then was elected to Congress in 1830 and served nine terms, was involved in the anti-slavery movement, instrumental in establishment of the Smithsonian Institution.

Andrew Jackson: Remained politically influential, lobbied for annexation of Texas.

Martin Van Buren: Retired to his estate, remained politically influential, traveled in Europe.

John Tyler: Retired to his plantation in Virginia. Was presiding officer of the Washington Peace Conference in 1861, supported secession and was elected to the Confederate Congress.

James Polk: Became seriously ill during a tour of the southern states, died at age 53.

Millard Fillmore: Traveled in Europe and the Middle East. Ran for re-election and lost. Married a wealthy widow, supported charitable causes. In the Civil War, he commanded the Union Continentals, and remained active with them.

Franklin Pierce: Traveled extensively, remained moderately influential, became a heavy drinker.

James Buchanan: Retired to his study, where he read books and wrote letters, wrote a memoir.

Andrew Johnson: Ran for the Senate, and lost. Ran again and was narrowly elected.

Ulysses S. Grant: Toured the world for 2 ½ years. Hoped for a 3rd term but did not get the nomination. Suffered business failures due to being defrauded, sold assets to repay debts. Wrote magazine articles and a memoir.

Rutherford B. Hayes: Declined to run for a 2nd term. Became an advocate for education, served on the Board of Trustees of Ohio State University.

Chester Arthur: Returned to law practice, but poor health limited him. He burned all his papers.

Grover Cleveland: Lost election for 2nd term, returned to law practice, ran again for President and won. After 2nd term, he retired to his estate, was a trustee of Princeton University, wrote articles.

Theodore Roosevelt: Traveled in the Smithsonian-Roosevelt African Expedition, which killed and trapped over 11,000 animals. Traveled through Europe, where he made speeches and delivered lectures. Was the first U.S. president to fly in a plane. Remained involved and influential in politics. Ran again for president as a third-party candidate, and lost. Traveled through South America in the Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition. Remained involved and influential in politics.

William Howard Taft: became a Professor of Law and Legal History at Yale University. Remained involved and influential in public affairs. Was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1921, and became Chief Justice. In poor health, he resigned in 1930.

Woodrow Wilson: Opened a law practice, but never showed up after the first day. Cooperated with a biographer.

Calvin Coolidge: Retired to Northampton. Served on various foundations and organizations, wrote an autobiography and a syndicated newspaper column, made radio speeches.

Herbert Hoover: After his wife’s death, he lived permanently at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York City. He wrote many books. Despite widespread unpopularity, he remained involved in politics and hoped to run for another term. He opposed U.S. involvement in WWII and was active in the America First Committee. After the war he started a school meal program for children in occupied territories.

Harry S Truman: Wrote his memoirs, taught some university courses, established his presidential library. He and his wife received the first two Medicare cards.

Dwight Eisenhower: Retired to a farm near Gettysburg, and kept a retirement home in Palm Desert CA. He continued to support Republican candidates.

Lyndon Johnson: Retired to his ranch in Texas. Worked with a co-writer on his memoirs and other books, established his presidential library and museum.

Richard Nixon: Retired to his home in California, accepted a pardon from President Ford, was disbarred in New York, appeared in television interviews, visited China, visited the U.K., wrote his memoirs and other books, supported Ronald Reagan’s campaigns, moved to New Jersey, had a busy schedule of speaking engagements, visited the Soviet Union, established his presidential library.

Gerald Ford: Moved to Denver, invested in oil, made public appearances, wrote his autobiography, played golf, established his presidential library, was involved in various organizations and institutions, and was a member of several corporate boards.

Jimmy Carter: Served in several diplomatic roles and peace missions, gave advice to various presidents and presidential candidates. Received 2002 Nobel Peace Prize. Wrote many books, founded the Carter Center to promote human rights, became known for his work with Habitat For Humanity. Worked for the eradication of Guinea Worm. Taught Sunday school and taught university courses.

Ronald Reagan: Was well-paid for speaking engagements, established his presidential library, joined other past presidents in support of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban. Made a public announcement of his Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis.

George H.W. Bush: Took annual cruises in Greece, went on fishing trips in Florida, and visited the Bohemian Club in Northern California. Made many paid speeches. Supported various charities, endorsed Republican candidates.

Bill Clinton: Wrote his autobiography and other books. Created a charitable foundation. Performed several diplomatic missions. Earned money from paid speeches and business consulting. Received a number of honorary degrees, established his presidential library.

George W. Bush: Attended many football and baseball gamers, made public appearances and speeches. Wrote a memoir. Was involved in various charitable efforts. Pursued painting as a hobby and published a book of portraits.

Barack Obama: Released his memoir. He and his wife formed a production company to make documentary films. Was well-paid for speeches. Made various TV appearances, podcast episodes, and public appearances. Campaigned for Democratic candidates. Was involved in various charitable efforts.

 

What's Happening the the Valley

typingGerald Fecht is the president of The Museum of the San Fernando Valley and a tireless blogger. While some of us struggle to post once or twice a week, Jerry sometimes posts several articles in a single day. He is well-versed in history and also seems to know everything that's happening right now. He posts photos from the museum's archives, as well as recently-snapped pics of public art, landscapes, buildings and people.

The museum's blog is a great place to find out about upcoming events as well as volunteer opportunities. I'm especially interested in the occasional walking tours, and hope to join one in the near future.

Take a look at http://museumsanfernandovalley.blogspot.com.

The Declaration of Independence

fireworks
IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776
The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America

When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. — Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.

He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.

He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.

He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power.

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:

For protecting them, by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefit of Trial by Jury:

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.

He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.

He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.

We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these united Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States, that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. — And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.

— John Hancock

New Hampshire:
Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton

Massachusetts:
John Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry

Rhode Island:
Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery

Connecticut:
Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott

New York:
William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris

New Jersey:
Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark

Pennsylvania:
Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross

Delaware:
Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean

Maryland:
Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton

Virginia:
George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton

North Carolina:
William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn

South Carolina:
Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton

Georgia:
Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton

The Valley's Own Museum

Gerald Fecht operates a blog for the Museum of the San Fernando Valley. The museum's archives includes photos, postcards and artifacts. Images of these are often displayed on the website. This is also a good place to find announcements of upcoming events and exhibitions about the history and culture of the Los Angeles area.

Then and Now

book coverI just got a copy of Then and Now: San Fernando Valley,book cover a fun collection of photos showing the valley as it was once upon a time, compared to what it's like now. In many cases the editor has found photos taken from the same viewpoint, and on rare occasions the same landmarks are still standing. You won't get a very deep history lesson here; most photos are captioned with only a couple of sentences. But it does provide a great sense of how much things have changed, often within the memory of those who still live here.

A Landmark Tour

Since 2007, Floyd B. Bariscale has been finding, photographing, and writing about the official historical landmarks of Los Angeles. I like his pictures ( he has a talent for being out and about on clear, blue-sky days). His commentary is both informative and entertaining. Lately I've been searching for some of the Valley's landmarks, and Floyd's entries have been helpful on more than one occasion when I just couldn't figure out where the darn thing was. The blog is called Big Orange Landmarks.