Whatever Happened to Hitler's Generals?

We've heard a lot about Hitler's generals lately. Who were they, really? I've looked up the stories of a few of them.

Walther Heinrich Alfred Hermann von Brauchitsch was Commander-in-Chief of the German Army during the first two years of World War II. Brauchitsch and others considered overthrowing Hitler, but he decided against it. Although Brauchitsch led several successful campaigns, Hitler blamed him for the failure of the attack on Moscow. Brauchitsch was forced into retirement. After the war, he was charged with war crimes, but died before he could be prosecuted, age 67.

Friedrich Olbricht was a commander in the invasion of Poland. He was eventually promoted to Chief of the Armed Forces Reserve Office. Olbricht was a key figure in Operation Valkyrie, a plot to assassinate Hitler and take over the government. Following the failure of the plot, he was executed by firing squad, age 55.

Fritz Erich Georg Eduard von Manstein was considered one of the most talented field commanders. He commanded several successful operations and took 430,000 Soviet prisoners. At the Nuremberg trials, he presented a document and oral testimony in defense of the General Staff. He was tried for war crimes in Hamburg in 1949, where he was found guilty of nine charges and sentenced to 18 years. His sentence was reduced, and he served only four years. In 1955 Manstein was a consultant on rebuilding the German army. His memoir, published in 1955, became a best-seller. He died of a stroke in 1977, age 85.

Henning Hermann Karl Robert von Tresckow was involved in the 1940 invasion of France. He served in several campaigns and invasions, and signed orders to kidnap thousands of Polish and Ukrainian children to use as slave labor. Tresckow tried to kill Hitler by having a colleague plant a bomb in his plane; the bomb failed to explode. He participated in several other failed assassination plots, including Operation Valkyrie. After Valkyrie’s failure, he killed himself with a grenade, age 43.

Johannes Erwin Eugen Rommel led German and Italian forces in North Africa. He was given the nickname “Desert Fox,” and had a reputation for chivalry. He later commanded German forces opposing the Normandy invasion. Rommel was implicated in a plot to assassinate Hitler, and was encouraged to commit suicide. He took a cyanide pill, age 52.

Friedrich Wilhelm Waldemar Fromm was commander of Germany’s Reserve Army in World War II. He was part of Operation Valkyrie. When the plot failed, he attempted to hide his involvement by ordering a quick court-martial and execution for some of the other conspirators. His participation in the plot could not be proved because the witnesses were dead, so he was instead convicted of cowardice and executed by firing squad, age 56.

Oskar Wilhelm Robert Paul Ludwig Hellmuth von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg was the son of a former German president. As a retired general, he came out of retirement in World War II to supervise several prisoner of war camps. He resigned because he considered the position a demotion. He was a prosecution witness at the Nuremberg trials. He died of a heart attack in 1960, age 77.

Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt came out of retirement for World War II, becoming a commander in the invasion of Poland, and in the Battle of France. He requested the Halt Order during the Battle of Dunkirk. He was commander the largest encirclement in history, the Battle of Kiev. Hitler dismissed him after the defeat at Normandy, then recalled him as Commander-in-Chief in the West. Rundstedt knew about some of the plots to depose Hitler, but neither joined nor reported them. Ater the war he was accused of war crimes, but was considered too old and sick to stand trial, although he did appear as a defense witness. He died of heart failure in 1953, age 77.

 

Do We Need a Dictator to Just Step in and Fix Things?

Dictatorship does not lead to prosperity for the average citizen.

For example, under Mussolini (Italy 1925 - 1945), both imports and exports decreased, and unemployment increased.

Mussolini established bureaucracies and appointed many officials, but very little was ever accomplished. He was mostly concerned with making sure the newspapers reported what he wanted them to say. There were food shortages throughout the country. The national debt skyrocketed. Mussolini's spending on infrastructure and public works was extravagant. Banks and big corporations were given government support. Interest rates went up. In many cases, the rich got richer, but in the meantime, workers got poorer.

Italy was hit hard by the Great Depression of the 1930s. Eventually, the state took over ownership of the banks and most industries. Mussolini focused on increasing his own political power, rather than providing assistance to citizens.

Mussolini was eventually killed by an angry mob.

Nicolae Ceaușescu (Romania 1967-1989) used a secret police force for mass surveillance and suppression of civil rights. He controlled the media.

In an attempt to increase the population, he outlawed all abortions and contraception. This led to the proliferation of overcrowded, dirty orphanages; many neglected and abused children from these institutions had lifelong physical and mental health problems. Thousands of women died from illegal abortions.

Ceaușescu's policy of moving from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy seemed successful at first, but led to unemployment, food shortages, and an energy crisis. Without electricity, people died of the cold in their homes. Prices were high while wages were low. Ceaușescu spent money on big projects and personal luxuries while citizens were freezing and starving.

When anti-government protests began, he ordered the military to fire upon protesters, causing many injuries and deaths. Violent protests spread across the country, and the military defected. Ceaușescu and his wife tried to flee, but they were captured, tried, convicted, and executed. The country was left with a very weak economy that still has not recovered.

Under Hitler (Germany 1933-1945), hourly wages were very low, while most people worked more hours, creating the illusion that individual income had increased.

Germany increased military spending until it became the majority of the economy. Hitler believed that war was the best way for a country to make progress. Prisoners of war and inmates from concentration camps were used as slave labor to support corporations. By 1944, slave labor made up 1/4 of the work force. Even so, unemployment was low. The government used price controls to avoid inflation, and also introduced wage and rent controls.

The military buildup was financed largely through deficit spending. The national debt was enormous. Industries that had been state-owned were privatized, yet subjected to a great deal of government control. Business leaders were expected to fund the Nazi party, and in return, benefited from policies that froze wages and provided slave labor. Profits for big businesses increased, and tax policies were designed to benefit wealthy people. Real wages decreased substantially. Workers could not strike, and could not change jobs without the current employer's consent.

During World War II, imports were harder to get. Rationing was implemented. The government took the property of wealthy Jews and plundered whatever it could in the countries it invaded. Wartime destruction and the British blockade led to the collapse of supply chains. People in occupied territories were used as slave labor, and their children were killed. As the war progressed, Allied bombs destroyed factories and cities. There were catastrophic food and fuel shortages. As defeat loomed, Hitler committed suicide.